Chapter Report: Teaching Reading

 There are many reasons why getting students to read English texts are one of the teachers’ responsibilities: for future careers, study purposes, and pleasure (Harmer, 2001a p. 68).  Besides, Harmer (2001a p.68) also claims that providing an interesting and engaging reading activity also influences the success of language acquisition. Therefore in classroom activity teachers should be able to provide the reading activity which is suitable with students’ proficiency-level by choosing the appropriate topics and stimulating students to do further learning experiences, such as: conducting a group discussion or making a response based on the text explained.

The teaching reading which emphasizes only on the vocabulary and the generic structure will not enhance students’ understanding of the message conveying in the text. As we know, texts mainly deal with meaning, the message which the authors want to deliver to the readers. If teaching reading mainly focus on the grammatical rules or the structures of the text itself, how could the students identify what message conveyed in the texts? It is, probably, one of many aspects that make teaching reading somewhat difficult.

For many EFL (English as Foreign Language) students, reading is difficult to be mastered since there are many words, especially the new ones, which cannot be understand easily. Besides, they are also mainly bounded to the teaching of structure, generic structure of the text. This problem leads to distract the acquisition of understanding of the text itself.

This chapter report will highlight some basic concepts in teaching reading, such as: process in reading and the types of reading along with their brief description. Besides, it will also summarize and comment on the teaching reading demonstration conducted a few weeks ago by Ibu Ika.

Process in Reading

There are two processes that are recognized in reading: bottom-up process and top-down-process. In bottom-up process, readers must first recognize a multiplicity of linguistic signals (letters, morphemes, syllables, words, phrases, grammatical cues, discourse markers) and use their linguistic data-processing mechanisms to impose some sort of order on these signals. Meanwhile, top-down process deals with the understanding of texts based on readers’ own intelligence and experience (Brown, 2001 p. 298).

Types of Reading

            Beside two processes mentioned above, reading is also divided into two types: extensive reading and intensive reading. Extensive reading is carried out to achieve a general understanding of a usually somewhat longer text. It is usually performed outside of class time, for example in reading for pleasure. Meanwhile, intensive reading is usually a classroom- oriented focusing on the linguistic features of the text (Brown, 2001 p. 312-313). Basically, those reading categories cover two most important skills in reading: skimming and scanning. Skimming is a way to get a general idea of what the text is about (reading for the gist). Meanwhile scanning has something to do with the reading for detailed comprehension (specific information) (Brown, 2001; Harmer, 2001a p. 69; Harmer, 2001b p. 283).

Summary and Comment on Teaching Demonstration

            Teaching demonstration presented by Ibu Ika generally follow the principles in interactive reading: the task matches to the topic, the activity stimulate students to learn, include both bottom-up and top-down processing, and divide the activity into some phases (Brown, 2001 p.313-316; Harmer, 2001a p. 70).

In this teaching demonstration, teacher sequenced the reading activity into pre-reading, during-reading, and after-reading phases. Through the sequencing of activity, students will be helped to get better understanding of the texts. Although the series of activity may not fit all contexts, it serves a general guide for reading class at least (Brown, 2001 p. 315).

In the pre-reading activity, teacher stimulated students to predict what the text is about by giving a game containing the words (clues) which will be used in the text later on. Teacher used the whiteboard to make a semantic mapping or clustering of the text based on the clues given. The strategy of semantic mapping or grouping ideas into meaningful clusters helps the readers to provide some order of the chaos (Brown 2001, p. 308). In my opinion, by giving the students some inputs related to the text that will be learnt provide many advantages, such as: reducing the ‘shock’ that will be faced by students while reading a text because their lack of vocabularies, providing a general visualization of the text, etc. After getting the clues, teacher asked them to discuss in group what the text is going about (prediction). It is important since prediction is major factor in reading – people usually have a good idea of the content before actually read (Harmer, 2001a p. 70).

During the main activity, teacher gave the students an incomplete narrative text and asked them to read it carefully. After that, students are asked to compare their prediction to the text given. I personally believe that this main activity is engaging since teacher provide different technique to learn reading. In line with this, Harmer (2001 p. 70) noted that when students are stimulated with the topic or the task, they get much more from what is being learnt. In traditional technique, mainly students will focus on the linguistic features of the text, however, in this activity they are treated differently; making a prediction and comparing it to the real text.

Since the text is not a complete text, in post-reading activity teacher focused their lesson on how to respond to it: continuing the text using their understanding got from pre- and main-activity. Actually, in this activity students needed to predict the rest of the text. I think with the understanding and vocabulary received from previous activities, students will be easier to do it. The way students predict (response) indicates that they have got the point or message of the text. Thus it provokes their personal engagement of the text and language (Harmer, 2001 p. 70).

Overall, the teaching demonstration has successfully engaged students in reading activity through the variety of activities provided. Those activities help the students to get understanding of the text step-by-step (scaffolding). Besides, the activities also give the students a chance to think and respond to the text: they are first provided by the useful inputs in pre-reading activities which will be useful to respond to the text (continuing the rest of the text). Moreover, the interactive strategy applied by teacher during the whole lesson is the most important part in teaching reading. Through the application of interactive strategy, students will be more engaging so that it will also increase students’ involvement during the lesson.